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APOLOGETICS |
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The Evidence for the
Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Part 1 -- Can It Persuade Skeptics?
by
Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon |
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Among the
religions of the world, Christianity is unique in
many ways. One area of uniqueness concerns the
evidence supporting its basic claims. As lawyer,
theologian, and philosopher Dr. John Warwick
Montgomery points out, "The historic Christian claim
differs qualitatively from the claims of all other
world religions at the epistemological point: on the
issue of testability."1
In other words, only Christianity stakes its claim
to truthfulness on historical events open to
critical investigation. And only this explains the
number of conversions by skeptics throughout
history.
Indeed, other religions in the
world are believed in despite the lack of
genuine evidence for their truth claims; only
Christianity can claim credibility because of
such evidence. Regrettably, what is often overlooked
in the field of comparative religion today is that
no genuinely historical/objective evidence exists
for the foundational religious claims of
Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, or any religion other
than Christianity. 2
As scientist, Christian apologist and biblical
commentator Dr. Henry Morris observes, "As a matter
of fact, the entire subject of evidences is almost
exclusively the domain of Christian
evidences. Other religions depend on subjective
experience and blind faith, tradition and opinion.
Christianity stands or falls upon the objective
reality of gigantic supernatural events in history
and the evidences therefore. This fact in itself is
an evidence of its truth."3
Evidence is defined in the
Oxford American Dictionary as, "1) anything that
establishes a fact or gives reason for believing
something, 2) statements made or objects produced in
a law court as proof or to support a case." One of
the most interesting evidences for the truth of
Christianity and, in particular, the Resurrection of
Jesus Christ, is the testimony of former skeptics,
many of whom attempted to disprove Christian faith.
In this article we will supply several examples. We
hope this will not only be an encouragement for
Christians to take their faith seriously, but that
it will also spur non-Christians to earnestly
examine the claims of Christ on their own lives.
In the mid-eighteenth century,
Lord George Lyttelton (a member of Parliament and
Commissioner of the Treasury) and Gilbert West,
Esq., went to Oxford. There, they were determined to
attack the very basis of Christianity. Lyttelton set
out to prove that Saul of Tarsus was never really
converted to Christianity, and West intended to
demonstrate that Jesus never really rose from the
dead. Each had planned to do a painstaking job,
taking a year to establish his case. But as they
proceeded, they eventually concluded that
Christianity was true. Both became Christians.
West eventually wrote
Observations on the History and Evidences of the
Resurrection of Jesus Christ (1747). George
Lyttelton wrote a lengthy text titled The
Conversion of St. Paul (rpt. 1929). Their
correspondence back and forth, showing their
surprise at the quality of the evidence, can be
found in any university microfilm library. West
became totally convinced of the truth of the
Resurrection, and Lyttelton of the genuine
conversion of Saint Paul on the basis of it. For
example, Lyttelton wrote to West in 1761, "Sir, in a
late conversation we had together upon the subject
of the Christian religion, I told you that besides
all the proofs of it which may be drawn from the
prophecies of the Old Testament, from the necessary
connection it has with the whole system of the
Jewish religion, from the miracles of Christ, and
from the evidence given of his reflection by all the
other apostles, I thought the conversion and
apostleship of Saint Paul alone, duly considered,
was of itself a demonstration sufficient to prove
Christianity a divine revelation." 4
In the 1930s a rationalistic English journalist
named Frank Morison attempted to discover the "real"
Jesus Christ. He was convinced that Christ’s
"history rested upon very insecure
foundations"—largely because of the influence of the
rationalistic higher criticism so prevalent in his
day.5 Further, he was dogmatically opposed to the
miraculous elements in the Gospels. But he was
nevertheless fascinated by the person of Jesus, who
was to him "an almost legendary figure of purity and
noble manhood."6
Morison decided to take the crucial "last phase"
in the life of Christ and "to strip it of its
overgrowth of primitive beliefs and dogmatic
suppositions, and to see this supremely great Person
as he really was.… It seemed to me that if I could
come at the truth why this man died a cruel death at
the hands of the Roman Power, how he himself
regarded the matter, and especially how he behaved
under the test, I should be very near to the true
solution of the problem."7
But the book that Morison ended up
writing was not the one he intended. He proceeded to
write one of the most able defenses of the
Resurrection of Christ in our time, Who Moved the
Stone?
Giovanni Papini was one of the
foremost Italian intellects of his period, an
atheist and vocal enemy of the Church and
self-appointed debunker of religion. But he became
converted to faith in Christ and in 1921 penned his
Life of Christ, stunning most of his friends
and admirers. 8
The Cambridge scholar C. S. Lewis,
a former atheist, was converted to Christianity on
the basis of the evidence, according to his text
Surprised by Joy. He recalls, "I thought I had
the Christians ‘placed’ and disposed of forever."
But, "A young man who wishes to remain a sound
atheist cannot be too careful of his reading. There
are traps everywhere—‘Bibles laid open, millions of
surprises,’ as Herbert says, ‘Fine nets and
stratagems.’ God is, if I may say it, very
unscrupulous." 9
But C. S. Lewis became a Christian
because the evidence was compelling and he could not
escape it. Even against his will he was "brought in
kicking, struggling, resentful, and darting [my]
eyes in every direction for a chance of escape." The
God "whom I so earnestly desired not to meet" became
His Lord and Savior. 10
His book on Christian evidences, Mere
Christianity, is considered a classic and has
been responsible for converting thousands to the
faith, among them the keen legal mind of former
skeptic and Watergate figure Charles Colson, author
of Born Again.
As a pre-law student, Josh
McDowell was also a skeptic of Christianity and
believed that every Christian had two minds: one was
lost while the other was out looking for it.
Eventually challenged to intellectually investigate
the Christian truth claims, and thinking this a
farce, he accepted the challenge and "as a result, I
found historical facts and evidence about Jesus
Christ that I never knew existed." 11
He eventually wrote a number of important texts in
defense of Christianity, among them Evidence That
Demands a Verdict, More Evidence That Demands
a Verdict, More Than a Carpenter and
Daniel in the Lion’s Den.
Dr. Gary Habermas was raised a
Christian. But he soon questioned his faith. He
concluded that while the Resurrection might be
believed, he personally doubted it and was skeptical
that any evidence for it was really convincing. But
after critical examination, it was the evidence that
brought him around and he concluded the Resurrection
was an established fact of history. 12
He proceeded to write four important books in
defense of the Resurrection: Ancient Evidence for
the Life of Jesus; The Resurrection of Jesus:
A Rational Inquiry; The Resurrection of
Jesus: An Apologetic; and Did Jesus Rise from
the Dead? The Resurrection Debate.
As a brilliant philosophy student
at Cornell University, John Warwick Montgomery was a
convinced skeptic when it came to Christianity. But
he, too, was challenged to investigate the evidence
for Christianity. As a result, he became converted.
He recalls, "I went to the university as a
‘garden-variety’ 20th century pagan. And as a result
of being forced, for intellectual integrity’s
sake, to check out this evidence, I finally came
around." 13
He confessed that had it not been for a committed
undergraduate student who continued to challenge him
to really examine the evidence, he would
never have believed: "I thank God that he cared
enough to do the reading to become a good apologist
because if I hadn’t had someone like that I don’t
know if I would have become a Christian."14
Montgomery went on to graduate
from Cornell University with distinction in
philosophy, Phi Beta Kappa. Then he went on to earn
the Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, a second
doctorate in theology from the University of
Strasbourg, France, plus seven additional graduate
degrees in theology, law, library science and other
fields. He has written over 125 scholarly journal
articles, plus 40 books, many of them defending
Christian faith against skeptical views. He has held
numerous prestigious appointments, is a founding
member of the World Association of Law Professors, a
member of the American Society of International Law
and is honored in Who’s Who in America,
Who’s Who in American Law, The Directory of
American Scholars, International Scholars’
Directory, Who’s Who in France, Who’s
Who in Europe, and Who’s Who in the World.
There are many individuals with the kind of
background and philosophical premises as Dr.
Montgomery. They simply do not believe in
Christianity apart from sufficient evidence.
Among great literary writers, few
can match the brilliance of famous author Malcolm
Muggeridge. He, too, was once a skeptic of
Christianity. But near the end of his life he became
fully convinced of the truth of the Resurrection of
Christ, writing a book acclaimed by critics,
Jesus: The Man Who Lives (1975). He wrote, "The
coming of Jesus into the world is the most
stupendous event in human history…." and "What is
unique about Jesus is that, on the testimony and in
the experience of innumerable people, of all sorts
and conditions, of all races and nationalities from
the simplest and most primitive to the most
sophisticated and cultivated, he remains alive."
Muggeridge concludes, "That the Resurrection
happened… seems to be indubitably true" and "Either
Jesus never was or he still is…. with the utmost
certainty, I assert he still is." 15
The famous scholar and
archaeologist, Sir William Ramsay, was educated at
Oxford and a Professor at both Oxford and Cambridge.
He received gold medals from Pope Leo XII, the
University of Pennsylvania, the Royal Geographical
Society, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society,
and was knighted in 1906. He was once a skeptic of
Christianity, convinced that the Bible was
fraudulent.
"He had spent years deliberately preparing
himself for the announced task of heading an
exploration expedition into Asia Minor and
Palestine, the home of the Bible, where he would
‘dig up the evidence’ that the Book was the
product of ambitious monks, and not the Book from
heaven it claimed to be. He regarded the weakest
spot in the whole New Testament to be the story of
Paul’s travels. These had never been thoroughly
investigated by one on the spot. Equipped as no
other man had been, he went to the home of the
Bible. Here he spent fifteen years literally
‘digging for the evidence.’ Then in 1896 he
published a large volume, Saint Paul the
Traveler and the Roman Citizen.
"The book caused a furor of dismay among the
skeptics of the world. Its attitude was utterly
unexpected because it was contrary to the
announced intention of the author years before….
for twenty years more, book after book from the
same author came from the press, each filled with
additional evidence of the exact, minute
truthfulness of the whole New Testament as tested
by the spade on the spot. The evidence was so
overwhelming that many infidels announced their
repudiation of their former unbelief and accepted
Christianity. And these books have stood the test
of time, not one having been refuted, nor have I
found even any attempt to refute them."16
Ramsay’s own archaeological findings convinced
him of the reliability of the Bible and the truth of
what it taught. In his The Bearing of Recent
Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New
Testament and other books, he shows why he came
to conclude that, e.g., "Luke’s history is
unsurpassed in respect of its trustworthiness" and
that "Luke is a historian of the first rank…. In
short, this author should be placed along with the
very greatest of historians."17
One of the greatest classical
scholars of our century, the outstanding authority
on Homer, Dr. John A. Scott, Professor of Greek at
Northwestern University for some 40 years, at one
time president of the American Philosophical
Association as well as president of the Classical
Association of the Midwest and South, wrote a book
at the age of seventy, concluding a lifetime of
ripened convictions, We Would See Jesus. He,
too, was convinced that Luke was an accurate
historian: "Luke was not only a doctor and
historian, but he was one of the world’s greatest
men of letters. He wrote the clearest and the best
Greek written in that century." 18
Here we have two of the greatest
intellects of recent time (Ramsay and Scott), among
many that could be cited, vouching for the
historical accuracy and integrity of the Apostle
Luke, who wrote not only the Gospel of Luke, but the
Book of Acts as well. In the latter book he claimed
that the Resurrection of Christ had been established
"by many convincing proofs" (Acts 1:3). It is only
by means of such convincing proofs that
skeptics such as the above individuals could have
ever been converted in the first place. Indeed, the
entire history of Christianity involves the
conversion of skeptics to Christian faith.
Unfortunately, however, there are
also plenty of scholars who have the evidence laid
out clearly before them and still do not believe.
For example, Michael Grant, a Fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge, Professor of Humanity at
Edinburgh University, and President and Vice
Chancellor of the Queens University, Belfast, holds
doctorates from Cambridge, Dublin and Belfast and is
the author of numerous books, among them The
Twelve Caesars, and The Army of the Caesars.
In his book Jesus: An Historian’s Review of the
Gospels, he fully admits, "But if we apply the
same sort of criteria that we would apply to any
other ancient literary sources, then the evidence is
firm and plausible enough to necessitate the
conclusion that the tomb was indeed found empty." 19
But he does not believe in the Resurrection: "Who
had taken the body? There is no way of knowing…. at
all events, it was gone."20 Yet he proceeds to show
how the subsequent events of Christian history
astonish the historian, "For by conquering the Roman
Empire in the fourth century A.D., Christianity had
conquered the entire Western World, for century
after century that lay ahead. In a triumph that has
been hailed by its advocates as miraculous, and must
be regarded by historians, too, as one of the
most astonishing phenomena in the history of the
world, the despised, reviled Galilean became the
Lord of countless millions of people over the course
of the 1900 years and more between his age and
ours."21 As we documented in our book on the
Resurrection, only the Resurrection of Christ
can explain this.22
Still, perhaps if Dr. Grant had
been both a historian and a lawyer, he might have
better understood the reason for, in his words, "the
most astonishing phenomena in the history of the
world." (In part two, we will examine what some of
the finest legal minds in history and today have
concluded concerning the evidence for the
Resurrection of Jesus and the truth of
Christianity.)
Obviously, if Christianity is
true, it makes all the difference in the world
whether we personally accept it or not. Indeed, for
each of us, it makes all the difference between
heaven and hell. As Jesus said, "For God so loved
the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that
whoever believes in Him should not perish, but have
eternal life" (Jn. 3:16) and "For what will a man be
profited, if he gains the whole world, and forfeits
his soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for
his soul?" (Matt. 16:26).
FOOTNOTES
1. John Warwick Montgomery,
"The Jury Returns: A Juridicial Defense of
Christianity" in John Warwick Montgomery (ed.),
Evidence For Faith: Deciding the God Question
(Dallas: Probe/Word, 1991), p. 319.
2. e.g., cf., John Warwick
Montgomery, "How Muslims Do Apologetics" in
Faith Founded on Fact (New York: Nelson,
1978); David Johnson, A Reasoned Look at Asian
Religions (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany, 1985);
Stuart C. Hackett, Oriental Philosophy
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press,
1979); John Weldon, Buddhism, (MA Thesis)
on file at Simon Greenleaf University, Anaheim,
CA, and John Ankerberg and John Weldon, The
Facts On Hinduism in America and The Facts
on Islam.
3. Henry Morris, Many
Infallible Proofs (San Diego, CA: Master
Books, 1982), p. 1.
4. American Antiquarian
Society, Early American Imprints, No. 8909
(1639-1800 A.D.), p. 3.
5. Frank Morison, Who Moved
the Stone? (Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity
Press, 1969), pp., 9–10.
6. Ibid., p. 10.
7. Ibid., p. 11.
8. In Josh McDowell,
Evidence that Demands a Verdict, (San
Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life Publishers, rev. ed.
1979), p. 359.
9. C. S. Lewis, Surprised by
Joy (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.,
1955), pp. 175, 191.
10. Ibid., pp. 228–229.
11. McDowell, Evidence,
p. 373.
12. Personal conversations,
March 26–28, 1990.
13. The John Ankerberg Show,
transcript of a debate between Dr. John Warwick
Montgomery and John K. Naland, televised April
1990, p. 39.
14. John Warwick Montgomery,
"Introduction to Apologetics" class notes,
Simon Greenleaf School of Law, Anaheim, CA,
January 1986.
15. Malcolm Muggeridge,
Jesus: The Man Who Lives (NY: Harper & Row,
1978), pp. 7, 184, 191, emphasis added.
16. In McDowell, Evidence,
p. 366.
17. William M. Ramsay, The
Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness
of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker
Bookhouse, 1959), p. 81, cf. his Luke the
Physician, pp. 177–179, 222.
18. In W. J. Sparrow-Simpson,
The Resurrection in Modern Thought, London,
1911, p. 405, from Wilbur M. Smith, Therefore
Stand: Christian Evidences (Grand Rapids, MI:
Baker, 1972), p. 365.
19. Michael Grant, Jesus: An
Historian’s Review of the Gospels (New York:
Charles Schribner’s Sons, 1977), p. 176.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., pp. 190–191, emphasis
added.
22. John Ankerberg, John Weldon,
Do the Resurrection Accounts Conflict? and What
Proof Is There that Jesus Rose from the Dead?
(Chattanooga, TN: Ankerberg Theological Research
Institute, 1990).
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